The importance of the first letter in children’s parafoveal preprocessing in English: Is it phonologically or orthographically driven?

Milledge, Sara V., Liversedge, Simon P. and Blythe, Hazel (2022) The importance of the first letter in children’s parafoveal preprocessing in English: Is it phonologically or orthographically driven? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 48 (5). pp. 427-442. ISSN 0096-1523

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Abstract

For both adult and child readers of English, the first letter of a word plays an important role in lexical identification. Using the boundary paradigm during silent sentence reading, we examined whether the first-letter bias in parafoveal preprocessing is phonologically or orthographically driven and whether this differs between skilled adult and beginner child readers. Participants read sentences that contained either a correctly spelled word in preview (identity; e.g., “circus”), a preview letter string that maintained the phonology but manipulated the orthography of the first letter (P + O− preview; e.g., “sircus”), or a preview letter string that manipulated both the phonology and the orthography of the first letter (P− O− preview; e.g., “wircus”). There was a cost associated with manipulating the first letter of the target words in preview for both adults and children. Critically, during first-pass reading, both adult and child readers displayed similar reading times between P + O− and P− O− previews. This shows that the first-letter bias is driven by orthographic encoding and that the first letter’s orthographic code in preview is crucial for efficient, early processing of phonology.

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