Shigatoxin encoding Bacteriophage φ24B modulates bacterial metabolism to raise antimicrobial tolerance

Holt, Giles, Lodge, John, McCarthy, Alan, Graham, A. K., Young, Gregory, Bridge, Simon, Brown, Alistair, Veses-Garcia, M., Lanyon, Clare, Sails, A., Allison, Heather and Smith, Darren (2017) Shigatoxin encoding Bacteriophage φ24B modulates bacterial metabolism to raise antimicrobial tolerance. Scientific Reports, 7. p. 40424. ISSN 2045-2322

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Abstract

How temperate bacteriophages play a role in microbial infection and disease progression is not fully understood. They do this in part by carrying genes that promote positive evolutionary selection for the lysogen. Using Biolog phenotype microarrays and comparative metabolite profiling we demonstrate the impact of the well-characterised Shiga toxin-prophage φ24B on its Escherichia coli host MC1061. As a lysogen, the prophage alters the bacterial physiology by increasing the rates of respiration and cell proliferation. This is the first reported study detailing phage-mediated control of the E. coli biotin and fatty acid synthesis that is rate limiting to cell growth. Through φ24B conversion the lysogen also gains increased antimicrobial tolerance to chloroxylenol and 8-hydroxyquinoline. Distinct metabolite profiles
discriminate between MC1061 and the φ24B lysogen in standard culture, and when treated with 2 antimicrobials. This is also the first reported use of metabolite profiling to characterise the physiological impact of lysogeny under antimicrobial pressure. We propose that temperate phages do not need to carry antimicrobial resistance genes to play a significant role in tolerance to antimicrobials.

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