Real-time electron nanoscopy of photovoltaic absorber formation from kesterite nanoparticles

Qu, Yongtao, Chee, See Wee, Duchamp, Martial, Campbell, Stephen, Zoppi, Guillaume, Barrioz, Vincent, Giret, Yvelin, Penfold, Thomas J., Chaturvedi, Apoorva, Mirsaidov, Utkur and Beattie, Neil (2020) Real-time electron nanoscopy of photovoltaic absorber formation from kesterite nanoparticles. ACS Applied Energy Materials, 3 (1). pp. 122-128. ISSN 2574-0962

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Abstract

Cu2ZnSnS4 nanocrystals are annealed in a Se-rich atmosphere inside a transmission electron microscope. During the heating phase, a complete S-Se exchange reaction occurs while the cation sublattice and morphology of the nanocrystals are preserved. At the annealing temperature, growth of large Cu2ZnSnSe4 grains with increased cation ordering is observed in real-time. Thisyields an annealing protocol which is transferred to an industrially-similar solar cell fabrication process resulting in a 33% increase in the device open circuit voltage. The approach can be applied to improve the performance of any photovoltaic technology that requires annealing because of the criticality of the process step.

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