Correction to: Statistical Analysis of Solar Events Associated with Storm Sudden Commencements over One Year of Solar Maximum During Cycle 23: Propagation from the Sun to the Earth and Effects

Bocchialini, K., Grison, B., Menvielle, M., Chambodut, A., Cornilleau-Wehrlin, N., Fontaine, D., Marchaudon, A., Pick, M., Pitout, F., Schmieder, B., Regnier, Stephane and Zouganelis, I. (2019) Correction to: Statistical Analysis of Solar Events Associated with Storm Sudden Commencements over One Year of Solar Maximum During Cycle 23: Propagation from the Sun to the Earth and Effects. Solar Physics, 294 (4). p. 38. ISSN 0038-0938

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Abstract

Taking the 32 storm sudden commencements (SSCs)listed by the International Service of Geomagnetic Indices (ISGI) of theObservatory de l’Ebre during 2002 (solar activity maximum in Cycle 23) as astarting point, we performed a multi-criterion analysis based on observations(propagation time, velocity comparisons, sense of the magnetic field rotation,radio waves) to associate them with solar sources, identified their effects inthe interplanetary medium, and looked at the response of the terrestrialionized and neutral environment. We find that 28 SSCs can be related to 44coronal mass ejections (CMEs), 15 with a unique CME and 13 with a series ofmultiple CMEs, among which 19 (68%) involved halo CMEs. Twelve of the 19fastest CMEs with speeds greater than 1000 km s−1 are halo CMEs. For the 44CMEs, including 21 halo CMEs, the corresponding X-ray flare classes are: 4X-class, 19 M-class, and 21 C-class flares. The probability for an SSC to occuris 75% if the CME is a halo CME. Among the 500, or even more, front-side,non-halo CMEs recorded in 2002, only 23 could be the source of an SSC, i.e. 5%.The complex interactions between two (or more) CMEs and the modification oftheir trajectories have been examined using joint white-light andmultiple-wavelength radio observations. The detection of long-lasting type IVbursts observed at metric–hectometric wavelengths is a very useful criterionfor the CME–SSC association. The events associated with the most depressed Dstvalues are also associated with type IV radio bursts. The four SSCs associatedwith a single shock at L1 correspond to four radio events exhibitingcharacteristics different from type IV radio bursts. The solar-wind structuresat L1 after the 32 SSCs are 12 magnetic clouds (MCs), 6 interplanetary coronalmass ejections (ICMEs) without an MC structure, 4 miscellaneous structures,which cannot unambiguously be classified as ICMEs, 5 corotating or streaminteraction regions (CIRs/SIRs), one CIR caused two SSCs, and 4 shock events;note that one CIR caused two SSCs. The 11 MCs listed in 3 or more MC catalogscovering the year 2002 are associated with SSCs. For the three most intensegeomagnetic storms (based on Dst minima) related to MCs, we note two suddenincreases of the Dst, at the arrival of the sheath and the arrival of the MCitself. In terms of geoeffectiveness, the relation between the CME speed andthe magnetic-storm intensity, as characterized using the Dst magnetic index, isvery complex, but generally CMEs with velocities at the Sun larger than 1000km s−1 have larger probabilities to trigger moderate or intense storms. Themost geoeffective events are MCs, since 92% of them trigger moderate or intensestorms, followed by ICMEs (33%). At best, CIRs/SIRs only cause weak storms. Weshow that these geoeffective events (ICMEs or MCs) trigger an increased andcombined auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) and non-thermal continuum (NTC)wave activity in the magnetosphere, an enhanced convection in the ionosphere,and a stronger response in the thermosphere. However, this trend does notappear clearly in the coupling functions, which exhibit relatively weakcorrelations between the solar-wind energy input and the amplitude of variousgeomagnetic indices, whereas the role of the southward component of thesolar-wind magnetic field is confirmed. Some saturation appears for Dst values<−100 nT on the integrated values of the polar and auroral indices.

Item Type:	Article
Subjects:	F500 Astronomy
Department:	Faculties > Engineering and Environment > Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering
Depositing User:	John Coen
Date Deposited:	16 Oct 2020 10:50
Last Modified:	16 Oct 2020 10:50
URI:	http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/id/eprint/44533

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