Dietary Patterns, Their Nutrients, and Associations with Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors in Older New Zealand Adults

Mumme, Karen, Conlon, Cathryn, von Hurst, Pamela, Jones, Beatrix, Stonehouse, Welma, Heath, Anne-Louise M., Coad, Jane, Haskell-Ramsay, Crystal, de Seymour, Jamie and Beck, Kathryn (2020) Dietary Patterns, Their Nutrients, and Associations with Socio-Demographic and Lifestyle Factors in Older New Zealand Adults. Nutrients, 12 (11). p. 3425. ISSN 2072-6643

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Abstract

Dietary patterns analyse combinations of foods eaten. This cross-sectional study identified dietary patterns and their nutrients. Associations between dietary patterns and socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were examined in older New Zealand adults. Dietary data (109-item food frequency questionnaire) from the Researching Eating, Activity and Cognitive Health (REACH) study ( = 367, 36% male, mean age = 70 years) were collapsed into 57 food groups. Using principal component analysis, three dietary patterns explained 18% of the variation in diet. Dietary pattern associations with sex, age, employment, living situation, education, deprivation score, physical activity, alcohol, and smoking, along with energy-adjusted nutrient intakes, were investigated using regression analysis. Higher 'Mediterranean' dietary pattern scores were associated with being female, higher physical activity, and higher education ( <0.001, R = 0.07). Higher 'Western' pattern scores were associated with being male, higher alcohol intake, living with others, and secondary education ( <0.001, R = 0.16). Higher 'prudent' pattern scores were associated with higher physical activity and lower alcohol intake ( <0.001, R = 0.15). There were positive associations between beta-carotene equivalents, vitamin E, and folate and 'Mediterranean' dietary pattern scores ( <0.0001, R ≥ 0.26); energy intake and 'Western' scores ( <0.0001, R = 0.43); and fibre and carbohydrate and 'prudent' scores ( <0.0001, R ≥ 0.25). Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors were associated with dietary patterns. Understanding relationships between these characteristics and dietary patterns can assist in health promotion.

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